Sunday, November 26, 2006

Multiple Choice Questions:


1. The body controls blood pressure by:

a) Increase vasoconstriction of blood vessels
b) Increasing cardiac output
c) Using the kidneys to decrease blood volume
d)A and C
e)All of the Above


Answer: D


2. The body controls blood pressure by:

a) Increase vasoconstriction of blood vessels
b) Increasing cardiac output
c) Using the kidneys to decrease blood volume
d)A and C
e)All of the Above


Answer: D


3. A patient with hypertension comes into the pharmacy with a prescription for an ACE inhibitor, you (the pharmacist) notice that the patient is already on a diuretic. Would it be a good idea to give the patient an ACE inhibitor with a diuretic?


A) Yes, an ACE Inhibitor blocks the conversion of ANG I to ANG II which will lower blood pressure
B)Yes, an ACE Inhibitor will cause less aldosterone to be released and cause a decrease in blood pressure
C) No, ACI Inhibitors increase blood pressure
D) both A and B
E) None of the Above


Answer: D


4. There are many chemicals that can mediate arteriolar vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Which of the following leads to vasoconstriction?

  1. Nitric Oxide

  2. Histamine

  3. Angiotensin II

  4. Epinephrine on β2 receptors

Answer: C


5. Which of the following would not lead to disruption of capillary exchange?

  1. Heart Failure

  2. Hypotension

  3. Inflammation

  4. Hypertension

Answer: B

6. When precapillary sphincters are relaxed, blood flows through ______________________.

a. All arteries in the body
b. Venules only
c. All capillaries in the bed
d. All of the above
e. a and c only

Answer: C

7. If a patient is diagnosed with left heart failure you will see:

  1. Hypertension

  2. Edema in the periphery

  3. Malnutrition

  4. Edema in the lungs

  5. A and D only

Answer: E

8. Which of the following IS NOT involved in regulation of blood pressure?


A) Peripheral Sensory Receptors
B) Medulla Oblongata
C) Cranial Nerve #10
D) Neurotransmitters
E) They are all involved in the regulation of blood pressure

Answer: E

9. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) if affected by:

a. blood volume
b. effectiveness of the heart as a pump
c. resistance of the system to blood flow
d. neurotransmitters
e. A,B, and C only

Answer: E

10. Which of the following is NOT true concerning capillaries

    1. Metarterioles allow white blood cells to bypass the capillary bed

    2. Precapillary sphincters control flow into the capillary beds

    3. Capillaries have a low blood flow velocity

    4. All of the above are true of capillaries

Answer: D

11. Which factor affects mean arteriole pressure?

A) blood volume
B) diameter of arterioles
C) cardiac output
D) diameter of veins
E) all of the above

Answer: E

12. A change in hydrostatic blood pressure can cause:


A. elevated blood pressure
B. decreased venous pressure
C. blood loss
D. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
E. C and D

Answer: C

13. A drug that selectively inhibits β1 receptors will cause:

A: An increase in heartrate and an increase in myocardial contractility

B: A decrease in heartrate and a decrease in myocardial contractility

C: A decrease in heartrate and an increase in myocardial contractility

D: An increase in heartrate and a decrease in myocardial contractility

Answer: B

14. Risk factors for Cardiovascular disease include:
A. Obesity
B. Hypotension
C. Diabetes
D. A and C
E. A, B, and C

Answer: D

15. With respect to pressure, flow and resistance, the ____________________________ is the primary determinant of velocity.

a resistance to flow
b. pressure gradient
c. cross-sectional area
d. radius of the vessel

Answer: C

16. White blood cells are enabled to bypass capillary beds via ____________________.

  1. Capillaries

  2. Venules

  3. Arteries

  4. Metarterioles

  5. None of the above

Answer: D


17. What disease state(s) decreases proteins in the bloodstream, resulting in a decreased osmotic pressure?

A. Hypertension
B. Cirrhosis
C. Malnutrition
D. A, B, and C
E. B and C only


Answer: E


18. What are factors that effect venous return?
a. Skeletal Muscle Pump
b. Respiratory Pump
c. Sympathetic Nerve Innervation
d. Both a and c
e. All of the above

Answer: E


19. How do the baroreceptor pathways in the central nervous system affect the sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers?
A. Increase PNS activity
B. Decrease SNS activity
C. Increase SNS activity
D. Decrease PNS activity
E. A & B only


Answer: E

20. An increase in which of the following, will cause an increase in the flow of a system.

A. length of the vessel
B. viscosity of the blood
C. radius of the vessel
D. A & C
E. All of the above

Answer: C

21. Which of the following is a paracrine factor in regulation of blood flow
A. epinephrine
B. Acetylcholine
C. Histamine
D. Prostaglandins
E. C and D

Answer: E

22. Which of the following does not affect venous return?
A. Skeletal Muscle Pump
B. Respiratory Pump
C. Resistance
D. Sympathetic Nerve Innervation
E. All of the above affect venous return

Answer: C

23. If a person had problems with nicotinic receptors on smooth muscles in their lower legs, which of the following effects would the problem have on blood flow to the legs?

a: Oxygenated blood would not reach the tissue of the legs.
b: Deoxygenated blood would not make it back to the heart from the legs.
c: The blood would pool in the leg.
d: b and c are correct
e: all of the above are correct

Answer: d

24. Which type of capillary exchange uses vesicular transport for proteins and macromolecules?

A. Paracellular
B. Transcellular
C. Transcytosis
D. Fenestrated

Answer: C

25. What is the major determinant of systemic vascular resistance?
A)Skeletal Muscle Pump
B)Arteriolar diameter
C)Cardiac Output
D)Heart Rate

Answer: B

26. Fenestrated capillaries

    1. allow water and small dissolved solutes to pass through endotheilial cell juctions

    2. Uses trancytosis to bring macrmolecules across endothelium

    3. Uses temporary channels made by fused vesicles

    4. B and C

    5. A, B and C

Answer: D

27. Regarding Blood Flow:

A) Blood Flows up its concentration gradient to other tissues in the body.
B) Flow is measured in L/min or mL/min
C) Resistance and Flow are inversely related.
D) If the Length of the Blood Vessel increases, Flow will increase.
E) B and C

Answer: E

28. Which of the following is true concerning the role of epinephrine?

a) It is released from the Adrenal Medulla
b) It binds only to alpha adrenergic receptors.
c) It binds to both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors
d) A & B
e) A & C

Answer: E

29. Metarterioles primary function is _________________.

    1. to regulate blood flow through capillaries.

    2. to be a site of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid.

    3. to allow white blood cells to go directly from arterioles to venous circulation.

    4. a & c

    5. none of the above

Answer: d


30. What are the four factors that affect Mean Arterial Pressure?

  1. Blood Volume

  2. Resistance of the system to blood flow

  3. Relative distribution of blood between arteries and veins

  4. A and B

  5. All the above

Answer: D


31. If blood pressure suddenly rises, baroreceptors would send impulses to the ________ to increase __________ activity in order to ________ heart rate.

a. cerebellum/sympathetic/increase
b. hypothalamus/parasympathetic/decrease
c. medulla/parasympathetic/decrease
d. hypothalamus/parasympathetic/increase
e. none of the above


Answer: C


32. Which of these statement(s) are NOT true?


a. Total blood flow at any level of circulation is equal to the cardiac output.

b. Epinephrine released from adrenal medulla binds to both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors.

c. The heart has the highest blood flow per unit weight.

d. a & c

e. all of the above are true.

Answer: C


33. Which of the following describe functions of the lymphatic system?

  1. Pathogen filtration

  2. Transfer of fat absorbed from intestinal system to circulatory system

  3. pump-mediated flow of fluid from circulation to tissues

  4. A and B only

  5. All of the above

Answer D


34. Which of the following are vasodilators?

A. Acetylcholine
B. Angiotensin II
C. Bradykinin
D. Answers A and B
E. Answers A and C


Answer: E


35. If the radius of a blood vessel increases to twice its previous size, blood flow would:

  1. Decrease to 1/16 original flow

  2. Double

  3. Remain unchanged

  4. Increase to 16 times original flow

  5. Decrease by half

Answer: D


36. Arteries are primarily composed of:

a. Endothelim
b. Elastic tissue
c. Smooth muscle
d. Fibrous tissue


Answer: C


37. The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure is ______________, while diastolic pressure plus 1/3 pulse pressure is ________________________.

A. Pulse Pressure/MAP
B. MAP/Pulse Pressure
C. Pulse Pressure/Systolic Pressure
D. None of the Above


Answer: A

38. Sympathetic neurons innervate blood vessels by:

a. epinephrine to alpha-2 -> vasodialation

b. acetylcholine to beta- 2 -> vasodialation

c. Norepinephrine to alpha- 2 -> vasoconstriction

d. acetylcholine to beta-2 -> vasodialation


Answer: C

39. If blood pressure suddenly drops, the baroreceptor reflexes would cause:

  1. heart rate to increase

  2. peripheral vasodilation

  3. increased force of contraction

  4. A & C only

  5. A, B, & C

Answer: D

40. Which of the following is FALSE?

  1. The primary determinant of velocity of flow is the total cross-sectional area of the vessel(s).

  2. Blood flows if a pressure gradient is present.

  3. Blood flows from areas of lower pressure to areas of higher pressure.

  4. Three factors affecting resistance are radius of the blood vessels, viscosity of the blood, and length of the system.

Answer: C

41. What happens to a patient's blood pressure if he/she is administered calcium channel blockers?
A) a decrease in blood pressure due to an increased ability of the cardiac and smooth muscle to contract
B) a decrease in blood pressure due to a decreased ability of the cardiac and smooth muscle to contract
C) an increase in blood pressure due to an increased ability of the cardiac and smooth muscle to contract
D) an increase in blood pressure due to a decreased ability of the cardiac and smooth muscle to contract

Answer: B

42. Which of the following statements is true?

A. Blood flow fastest through the capillaries
B. Arterioles are the main site of variable resistance and their diameter can be altered by neural input
C. Veins have highest blood pressure, carry high-oxygenated blood, and their diameter cannot be altered by neural input
D. Veins store pressure generated by the heart
E. None of the above

Answer: B

43. Which of the following factors affect venous return?

A. Skeletal Muscle Pump
B. SNS intervation
C. PNS intervation
D. A & B
E. A & C

Answer: D

44. Muscle vasculature would contain ___ receptors while digestive organ’s vasculature would contain ______ receptors with respect to fight-or-flight mechanisms.

A. α1 and β1 : β2 and α2
B. β2 : α1
C. β1 : β2
D. α1 and α2 : β2 and β1
E. None of the above

Answer: B

45. ________________ have the most surface area and the ________________ rate of flow.

  1. Capillaries, slowest

  2. Arterioles, fastest

  3. Capillaries, fastest

  4. Arterioles, slowest

Answer: A

46. A condition that could alter capillary exchange might be

a. heart failure
b. blood loss
c. liver failure
d. malnutrition
e. all of the above

Answer: E

47. Angiotensin II is involved in which of the following

A. Constriction of the vasculature
B. Increase in volume and maintenance of osmolarity of blood
C. Increase in bradykinin
D. both A and B
E. A, B, and C

Answer: D

48. Blood pressure is decreased by

  1. the release of acetylcholine by parasympathetic fibers onto muscarinic receptors of the SA node.

  2. a decrease in the amount of norepinephrine released by sympathetic fibers onto β-receptors of the SA node and ventricular myocardium.

  3. vasodilation of arteriolar smooth muscle.

  4. all of the above.

  5. none of the above.

Answer: D

49. Which of the following is/are true regarding the velocity of blood flow?
a. Velocity is directly proportional to flow.
b. Velocity is indirectly proportional to flow.
c. Velocity is indirectly proportional to cross-sectional area.
d. Both a and c
e. Both b and c

Answer: D

50. What factors will cause edema, interstitial fluid retention?


A)Increase hydrostatic pressure
B)Decrease osmotic pressure
C)Decrease hydrostatic pressure
D)A and B
E)B and C

Answer: D

51. Which of the following will cause vasoconstriction?

A. Epinephrine binding to alpha-1 adrenergic receptors

B. Epinephrine binding to beta-2 receptors

C. Bradykinin

D. Vasporessin released form the posterior pituitary

E. Both A and D

Answer: E

52. Which of the following is NOT true of the lymphatic system?
A. Flow is pump-mediated
B. It has one-way valves
C. It filters pathogens
D. A and C
E. None of the above

Answer: A

53. With respect to the cardiovascular system, if you stimulate the Vagus nerve which of the following will occur?

  1. Parasympathetic fibers increase activity to decrease heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure.

  2. Stretch receptors are inhibited therefore lowering blood pressure.

  3. Sympathetic innervation decreases so heart rate decreases along with cardiac output and blood pressure.

  4. A and C

  5. All of the above are true.

Answer: D


54. Which of the following factors affect mean arterial blood pressure?

  1. Blood volume

  2. Cardiac output

  3. Resistance of the system to blood flow

  4. Relative distribution of blood between arterial and venous blood vessels

  5. All of the above

Answer: E

55. A lipophilic drug will undergo ________________ into the capillaries from the intestine via _____________capillary exchange.

A) filtration; transcellular

B) absorption; paracellular

C) absorption; transcellular

D) endocytosis; transcellular

Answer: C

56. Which of the following is true concerning blood flow in the body?


A. The driving pressure for blood flow is reflected by the mean arterial pressure.
B. At rest the brain receives more blood than the heart.
C. The skeletal muscle pump plays an important role in pumping blood to various body tissues.
D. A & B
E. A, B, & C

Answer: D

57. Where is the Cardiovascular Control Center located?

A. Cerebellum

B. Hypothalmus

C. Vegas nerve

D. Medulla oblongata

E. Baroreceptors

Answer: D


58. Blood performs capillary exchange...


A: In order to perform white blood cell exchange.
B: In order for blood to bypass a tissue.
C: To minimize blood lost at the site of a wound.
D: A and B only
E: Both A,B, and C.


Answer: D


59. A high protein diet could result in;

a) Decreased colloid osmotic pressure
b) Increased capillary filtration
c) Ascites
d) none of the above


Answer: D


60. Which of the following determines the mean arterial blood pressure?

A. Blood volume
B. Diameter of the arterioles
C. Venous return
D. A and B only
E. All the above are correct


Answer: E


61. Which of the following receptors are associated with the SA node?

A) β1
B) α1
C) M2
D) Both A and C
E) None of the above

Answer: D


62. How does the body compenstate high CO2 levels in the tissues?

A. Vasoconstriction of vessels
B. Vasodilation of vessels
C. Decreased blood flow through the capillaries
D. None of the above


Answer B


63. Activation of stretch receptors will activate vagus nerve and

a. increase heart rate
b. decrease SNA
c. decrease blood pressure
d. both A and B are true
e. both b and c are true


Answer: E


64. Which of the following is true about mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A. An increase in heart rate will cause an increase in MAP.
B. Binding of norepinephrine to alpha-1 receptors will cause an increase in MAP.
C. Binding of norepinephrine to beta-1 receptors will cause an increase in MAP.
D. A and C
E. A, B and C

Answer: D

65. If firing of the baroreceptors in the carotid artery increases,

A. the SNS output decreases
B. the PNS output decreases
C. Blood pressure will increase
D. A and C


Answer: A


66. When the ________ is/are relaxed, blood flows through all capillaries in the bed.


a. arterioles

b. venules

c. aorta

d. precapillary sphincters

e. superior vena cava


Answer: D


67. Paracellular exchange is

A. around endothelial cells
B. through endothelial cells
C. vesicular transport of proteins & macromolecules
D. all of the above
E. none of the above

Answer: A

68. What are NOT the functions of the lymphatic system?

  1. Returning fluid and proteins filtered out of the capillaries to the circulatory system.

  2. Transferring wastes that the cells eliminate

  3. Serving as a filter to help capture and destroy foreign pathogen.

  4. Picking up fat absorbed at the small intestine and transferring it to the circulatory system.

Answer: B

69. Which of the following could change hydrostatic pressure?

A) Elevated venous pressure
B) Liver failure
C) Blood Loss
D) Both A and C

Answer: D

70. Which of the following is true?

A) The skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump, and parasympathetic nerve innervation all affect venous return.

B) When precapillary sphincters are relaxed, blood flows through all capillaries in the bed.

C) Liver, bone, and stomach have special capillaries called sinusoids.

D) Without lymphatic absorption of fluid, net loss of fluid to the ECF would be greater than 5mL/day

Answer: B

71. An increase in arterial blood pressure stretches the baroreceptor and as a result, the firing rate of the receptor ___________. In addition, you could also see a/an ___________in ANP, a/an___________in aldosterone, and a/an _____________ in ADH.


A. increases, decrease, increase, increase

B. decreases, increase, decrease, decrease

C. increases, increase, decrease, decrease

D. decreases, increase, increase, increase


Answer: C


72. Epinephrine, released from the adrenal medulla, will do all of the following except


a. bind to alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

b. cause alpha 1 receptors to mediate vasoconstriction

c. stimulate beta 2 receptors in the arterioles innervating skeletal muscle, liver, and heart

d. stimulate beta 1 receptors on cardiac muscle, and mediate a decrease in heart rate and contractility

e. all of the above are correct


Answer: D


73. A decrease in blood pressure could be due to:


A) Decrease in parasympathetic output

B) Increase in amount of NE released

C) Decrease in sympathetic output

D) Increase in ventricular force of contraction

E) Increase stimulation of SA node


Answer: C


74. Considering hormonal regulation of tissue blood flow, which of the following act as vasodilators in the body?


  1. Bradykinin

  2. Angiotensin II

  3. VIP

  4. A and C

E) A, B, and C

Answer: D

75. Functionally, metarterioles:


A. regulate blood flow into capillary beds via means of shunting.

B. are the site of exchange between the blood and the interstitial fluid.

C. act as bypass channels for white blood cells.

D. A & C are correct.

E. All of the above are correct.

Answer: D

76. How would one increase MEAN ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE?

A. Decreasing the rate of transmission of epinephrine.

B. Increasing the diameter of the arterioles.

C. Decrease the sensitivity of Beta 2 receptors to norepinephrine.

D. Decrease fluid loss by regulation at the kidneys.

Answer: D

77. Which of the following factors affect venous return?
a. Skeletal Muscle Pump
b. Respiratory Pump
c. Sympathetic Nerve Innervation
d. a and b only
e. all of the above

Answer: E

78. Interstitial fluid has low osmotic pressure because of:

A. lymph capillaries
B. water
C. leaked proteins
D. A and C only
E. All of the above


Answer: D


79. Which of the following statements is NOT correct concerning epinephrine.

A. Epinephrine binds to alpha 1 receptors which cause vasoconstriction.

B. Epinephrine binds to both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors.

C. When epinephrine binds to beta 1 receptors it causes a decrease in heart rate and a decrease in contractility.

D. When epinephrine binds to beta 2 receptors, it increases flow to liver and skeletal muscle for flight or fight response.


Answer: C


80. An increase in tissue blood flow following a period of low perfusion is known as ______________.

  1. Vasodilatation

  2. Reactive hypoxemia

  3. Active hyperemia

  4. Reactive hyperemia

  5. None of the above

Answer: D

81. What are some common risk factors for CV disease?

  1. Race

  2. Obesity

  3. Sedentary lifestyle

  4. A & C

  5. A, B, & C

Answer: E

82. Which of the following statements is/are false?

A. Arteriolar diameter is the major determinant of systemic vascular resistance.

B. Baroreceptors sense pressure changes and relays information to the nucleus ambiguous.

C. The primary determinant of velocity is cross-sectional area.

D. A decrease in mean arterial pressure leads to an increase in peripheral resistance.

E. B and D


Answer: B


83. Which of the following factors does not affect mean arteriole pressure?

A. Resistance of the system to blood flow

B. Blood viscosity

C. Effectiveness of the heart as a pump

D. Distribution of blood between arterial and venous blood vessels

E. None of the above


Answer: B





















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